A Lymphoid Organ Specific Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor from Litopenaeus vannamei Exhibits Strong Antimicrobial Activities

Different shrimp species are known to possess apparent distinct resistance to different pathogens in aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this finding still remains unknown. One kind of important antimicrobial peptides, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALF), exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Here, we reported a newly identified ALF from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and compared the immune function with its counterpart in the shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The ALF, designated as LvALF8, was specifically expressed in the lymphoid organ of L. vannamei. The expression level of LvALF8 was apparently changed after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenges. The synthetic LBD peptide of LvALF8 (LvALF8-LBD) showed strong antibacterial activities against most tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. LvALF8-LBD could also inhibit the in vivo propagation of WSSV similar as FcALF8-LBD, the LBD of LvALF8 counterpart in F. chinensis. However, LvALF8-LBD and FcALF8-LBD exhibited apparently different antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus, the main pathogen causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of affected shrimp. A structural analysis showed that the positive net charge and amphipathicity characteristics of LvALF8-LBD peptide were speculated as two important components for its enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to those of FcALF8-LBD. These new findings may not only provide some evidence to explain the distinct disease resistance among different shrimp species, but also lay out new research ground for the testing and development of LBD-originated antimicrobial peptides to control of shrimp diseases.     

虾源哈维氏弧菌的致病性与生物学特性比较分析

哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)是导致养殖对虾暴发弧菌病的重要病原之一。从我国南方养殖凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)分离、鉴定了10株哈维氏弧菌(Vh00947、Vh00949、Vh11011、Vh11014、Vh21217、Vh21218、Vh21220、Vh21229、Vh21231和Vh31487),分别肌注感染健康凡纳滨对虾后发现,菌株Vh21229致病性很弱,Vh00949其次,其它菌株毒力较强;对8种哈维氏弧菌常见毒力基因(Vh1、Vh2、Vh3、Vh4、tox S、hcp、zot和pap6)的检测显示,南方虾源哈维氏弧菌无论强弱毒株都很少携带zot、pap6、toxs和4种Vh基因(≤10%),表明这10个菌株的致病性与这7种常见毒力因子的相关度很低;hcp基因在所有菌株中均有检出,其中强毒株中检出率较高(50%),在较弱毒株(Vh00949)中也存在,表明hcp基因与这些菌株的致病性密切相关,但不是决定性因子。因此,这10株南方虾源哈维氏弧菌菌株的致病性差异应由这8种常见毒力因子以外的未知或未检测到的因子所决定。生化特征分析显示,所有菌株中只有弱毒株Vh21229不能利用D-甘露糖、蔗糖、D-海藻糖,而且只有其赖氨酸脱羧酶反应至阳性,而其它菌株均为阴性,推测导致哈维氏弧菌菌株生化特性改变的某种因子可能对菌株的致病性也产生了影响。药敏实验表明,10株哈维氏弧菌均对环丙沙星、氯霉素、恩诺沙星、美罗培南、头孢曲松、多西环素、头孢吡肟、诺氟沙星敏感,而对氨苄西林耐受性强,表明在虾类养殖过程中应当严格规范和控制抗菌药物尤其是青霉素类药物的使用。     

基于toxR基因病原哈氏弧菌PCR检测方法的建立

基于toxR基因序列设计检测哈氏弧菌的1对特异性引物,通过PCR反应条件优化、PCR反应特异性及敏感性检测,建立一种哈氏弧菌的特异性分子检测方法.试验结果表明,该引物可使哈氏弧菌扩增出大小为390 bp的toxR基因片段,3种水产动物病原弧菌未扩增出任何条带,敏感性检测结果为该PCR反应最低能检测出0.375 ng/μ...     

哈维氏弧菌感染的杂色鲍全组织均一化cDNA文库的构建

提取了哈维氏弧菌（Vibrio harveryi）感染的杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolorReeve）总RNA,采用SMART方法合成双链cDNA,并用双链特异核酸酶进行均一化处理。割取0.5~1.0和1.0~3.0kb的片段分别连接pDNR-LIB并转化大肠杆菌（Esherichia coli）,最终构建2种片段大小的杂色鲍全组织均一化cDNA文库。2文库库容均在2.5×105cfu.mL-1左右,PCR检测阳性重组率为100%。随机挑取200个克隆测序,获得高质量EST序列174条。组装后得到149条Unigenes,冗余率为14.37%。序列注释结果表明,有39条Unigene序列与已知基因高度相似。综上所述,文章所建cDNA文库质量良好,可以满足后续研究工作的需要。     

Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from Vibrio harveyi infection by pre‐emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non‐antagonistic bacterial probiotics

This study shows that the disease resistance and survival rate of Penaeus monodon in a larval rearing systems can be enhanced by supplementing with antagonistic or non‐antagonistic probiotics. The antagonistic mode of action of Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 against vibrios was demonstrated in larval mesocosm with cultures having sufficient concentration of antagonistic compounds in their culture supernatant. Investigations on the antagonistic properties of Bacillus MCCB 101, Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 and Arthrobacter MCCB 104 against Vibrio harveyi MCCB 111 under in vitro conditions revealed that Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 were inhibitory to the pathogen. These inhibitory properties were further confirmed in the larval rearing systems of P. monodon. All these four probionts significantly improved larval survival in long‐term treatments as well as when challenged with a pathogenic strain of V. harveyi MCCB 111. We could demonstrate that Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 accorded disease resistance and a higher survival rate in P. monodon larval rearing systems through active antagonism of vibrios, whereas Bacillus MCCB 101 and Arthrobacter MCCB 104 functioned as probiotics through immunostimulatory and digestive enzyme‐supporting modes of action.     

3种抗生素对3种常见鱼类病原菌的抑菌活性研究

为研究盐酸恩诺沙星、乳酸恩诺沙星和乳酸诺氟沙星对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)和哈维氏弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)的体外抑菌活性,本实验通过测定抑菌圈直径、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)和杀菌曲线,研究3种常用喹诺酮类抗生素药物对3种水产病原菌的体外药效学特性.结果表明:乳酸诺氟沙星对嗜水气单胞菌和哈维氏弧菌抑菌效果最好,MIC分别为0.244μg/mL和1.954μg/mL:盐酸恩诺沙星对鳗弧菌抑菌效果最好,MIC为0.122μg/mL;8 MIC的乳酸诺氟沙星药液在12 h内完全杀灭嗜水气单胞菌,在24 h内也能全部杀灭哈维氏弧菌,8 MIC的盐酸恩诺沙星药液在24 h内全部杀灭鳗弧菌.本研究为3种抗生素在水产养殖中的应用提供实验依据.     

红鳍东方皮肤溃烂病病原菌的分离与鉴定

从体表溃烂的养殖红鳍东方鲀(Fugu obscurus)病灶处分离到1株优势生长菌,编号为H-06091.分别通过创伤浸泡和注射方式感染健康红鳍东方鲀,发现这两种途径均可引发皮肤溃烂,两种途径的感染率均为100%,2×108 cell/mL.菌浓度注射组死亡率为100%,4×107 cell/mL菌浓度注射组死亡率为50%,创伤浸泡感染未见死亡.药敏实验表明,复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、链霉素、环丙沙星、利福平、红霉素、氟哌酸、氟嗪酸、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、四环素、青霉素G等抗菌素对H-06091有较强的抑制作用.按照<常见细菌系统鉴定手册>进行菌种鉴定并测定其16S rRNA基因序列,结果表明,该菌呈革兰氏染色阴性,氧化酶阳性,接触酶阳性,V-P试验阴性,硝酸盐还原反应阳性等特征,符合哈氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)特征,其16s rRNA基因序列与GenBank中哈氏弧菌同源性为99%,因此将H-06091鉴定为哈氏弧菌.     

闽南地区鲍溃烂病的研究

导致鲍发生溃烂的原因有多种。本研究通过对闽南地区鲍溃烂病的研究结果发现：除了已报道的荧光假单胞杆菌和亮弧菌一Ⅱ外哈维氏弧菌也是鲍溃烂病的主要病原。哈维氏弧菌导致发病养鲍池的COD值升高、pH值降低，异养菌数剧增并以弧菌为主；使用已报道的防治方法疗效不显著，却对妥布霉素、利复平、头孢三嗪、环丙沙星、呋喃妥因等药物敏感。     

口服免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁)对南美白对虾抗哈维弧菌感染的作用

在南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)饲料中分别加100.0、200.0、300.0、400.0和500.0 mg*kg-1Bm的免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁),连续投喂28 d后,通过检测供试虾血清、肝胰腺和肌肉中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性及经过哈维弧菌的活菌攻毒,探讨口服不同剂量的免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁)对南美白对虾体内免疫相关酶活性的影响和对人工感染哈维弧菌抗病力的作用.结果表明,在南美白对虾饲料中添加100.0 mg*kg-1Bm的免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁),能显著提高供试南美白对虾血清和肌肉中ACP和ALP活性(t测验,P<0.05),极显著地提高肝胰腺中ACP、ALP和POD的活性(t测验,P<0.01),增强抗哈维弧菌感染的能力.免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁)不同添加剂量的试验组之间则未出现显著差别(t测验,P>0.05).试验结果表明免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁)在南美白对虾饲料中的添加量以100.0 mg*kg-1Bm为宜.